why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) | The Royal Family They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. They began to revolt against the Spanish. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious Boston House, - navy to firth of Forth. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Increased Catholic Threat to Elizabeth I (GCSE Example Answer Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . From allies to enemies: Queen Elizabeth and King Philip - History The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Become a Member | [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule - BBC Bitesize Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. . In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. 2. Elizabeth's Accession and Her Legitimacy (GCSE Example Answer - Tutor2u Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. West Yorkshire, The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The attack was a success. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. 1558 -french threat. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. PDF GCSE History Elizabethan Age, 1558-1603 Revision guide One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. 214 High Street, In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. King Philip of Spain sent an. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. Foreign Affairs. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. From there we will look at the career . Died: 24 March 1603. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. The Situation on Elizabeth's Accession | Mind Map - GoConqr Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. West Yorkshire, France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Spanish invasion plans. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Elizabeth I: Facts About The 'Virgin Queen', Daughter Of Anne Boleyn West Yorkshire, By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Boston House, The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Elizabeth I: a biography. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Copy. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. 14-16 / Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above.

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