helicopter vs car crash statistics

1975: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1983, NTSB/ARC-87/01 (Washington, DC: February 1987), table 18. d All operations other than those operating under 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135. eLight trucks are defined as trucks of 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating or less, including pickups, vans, truck-based station wagons, and utility vehicles. l Freight includes barges, bulk carriers, general dry cargo ships, refrigerated cargo ships, roll-on/roll-off ships, tank ships, and towing ships and include only closed cases where vessels were involved in a marine casualty. Helicopters certainly have more moving parts than airplanes, which means more parts that might fail mechanically, causing an accident. On the other hand, its important to note that other factors are always in play when pilot error occurs. In Hawaii, 2019 was the deadliest year for tour helicopters in nearly two decades, with 10 people dying in two crashes, a Civil Beat review of federal records shows. The governor has a professional pilot, which makes him far safer. 2019 122 accidents, 24 fatal accidents, 51 fatalities 16% decrease in accidents, First half: 69 accidents, 15 fatal accidents, 27 fatalities compared to 2013, Second half: 53 accidents, 9 fatal accidents, 24 fatalities, 2018 121 accidents, 24 fatal accidents, 55 fatalities, 2017 123 accidents, 20 fatal accidents, 34 fatalities, 2016: 108 accidents, 17 fatal accidents, 29 fatalities, 2015: 121 accidents, 17 fatal accidents, 28 fatalities, 2014: 138 accidents, 21 fatal accidents, 37 fatalities, 2013: 146 accidents, 30 fatal accidents, 62 fatalities, Even though year-to-year data is static, long-term progress in accident reduction remains positive. Other counts, redundant with above help eliminate double counting in the Total Fatalities. In fact, according to the USHST, the fatal accident rate for helicopters climbed from 0.54 per 100,000 flight hours in 2016 to 0.82 in 2018. Compare it to other major forms of transportation with 0.04 deaths per 100 million miles traveled, train travel is much more dangerous than airplanes 0.01 deaths per 100 million miles. Between 1998 and 2001, the U.S. Coast Guard phased in a new computer system to track safety data, the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. It has a VIP services quite adequately, with premium leather upholstery and seating for about 6 passengers and 2 operators. The odds of dying in a plane crash, on the other hand, are 1 in 9,821. The fatal helicopter accident rate has progressively increased over the last three yearsfrom 0.54 per 100,000 flight hours in 2016 to 0.6 in 2017 to 0.72 in 2018according to data released by . According to a 2013 study by economist Ian Savage, trains are the second-safest mode of transportation in the U.S. If you or someone you know is involved in an aviation accident, whether its a commercial flight, air ambulance, helicopter or other aircraft, our attorneys at Slack Davis Sanger have deep experience in aviation law and can advise you on the best course of legal action. serious incidents and no fatal or non-fatal accidents in helicopter offshore commercial air transport. Data for prior years come from other sources and may not be directly comparable. Source: Highway passenger deaths Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data. All other figures are National Safety Council estimates. The top speed is 178 mph, but the range is just 395 miles. Helicopter crash statistics, by contrast, are denominated in hours of flight time. The total accident rate and fatal accident rate (accidents per 100,000 flight hours) for 2019 will be determined next month. To learn more about our services, or to schedule a free consultation at one of our offices in Austin, Dallas, or Fort Worth, please call 800-455-8686 or fill out our contact form below. For children and teens, it is the leading cause of fatalities. Why Visitors Should Hire a Local Personal Injury Attorney. Of the total, 199 involved Canadian-registered aircraft (excluding ultra-lights) 1, a 12% decrease from the . The death rate per 100 million passenger miles for passenger vehicles increased for the first time in four years, increasing 22% to 0.56 in 2020. See the notes below for a table of open investigations. General aircraftairplanes, helicopters, balloons . This report includes detailed loss and liability data, as well as accident information and analysis for turbine helicopters in 2014. In contrast, the fatal accident rate for general aviation (an industry term for noncommerical or smaller private planes), was . SBS TV | SBS Radio | SBS On Demand, news, sport, food, movies In absolute numbers, driving is more dangerous, with more than 5 million accidents compared to 20 accidents in flying. 1980: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), tables 2 and 16. Emergency flights, such as military or medical rescue flights, have a higher crash rate than flights for business or pleasure, since they often fly regardless of weather and other conditions. Bicycle Crash Data 2017 Local Law 13 of 2011 requires the NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to compile the total number of bicycle crashes that are reported to city agencies beginning October 1, 2011. Safe and proficient utility helicopter pilots are unafraid, but always on guard. These numbers are higher for private flights, but private flights are much harder to document due to lax government regulation and non-reporting. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), helicopters crash at a higher rate than airplanes. Whats the safer form of transit: the car or the helicopter? This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. No other Mercedes can go 153 mph while flying 17,000 feet above the ground. However, both transportation methods are far safer than car travel, even when you're just driving through a parking lot. The crash rate for general aircraft is 7.28 crashes per 100,000 hours of flight time. Airplanes are commonly regarded as the safest and quickest form of travel in the world. Contains information and statistics regarding safety, helicopter usage, and the offshore oil industry. Drivers aged 16-19 are nearly three times more likely to figure in a car crash compared to older drivers. monthly list of aviation accidents is also available. Thus, fatalities not necessarily directly related to in service transportation are counted for the transit and rail modes, potentially overstating the risk for these modes. During that period, data come from combining entries in the Marine Safety Management Information System with entries in the Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement System. Why is there such a difference in fatal accidents between commercial airlines and smaller aircraft, including helicopters? The top speed reaches 178 mph (286 km/h), with a range of 345 miles (555 km). Gaining that aerial view of the terrain below, perhaps to observe or admire animals or landforms you might never have spotted from the groundits no wonder many people love exploring by helicopter. Air travels are also the subject of accidents that bring fatalities from time to time. Becoming an aircraft controller requires at least 200 hours of training and additional years of experience before getting employed by an airline. Too few deaths in 2021 to calculate odds. However, air travel is only as safe as the operator, the equipment, and the training procedures that underlie the flight itself. KEY: N = data does not exist; P = preliminary; R = revised; U = data are not available. From 2000 through 2019, Hawaii saw 11 fatal helicopter tour crashes resulting in 45 deaths, according to NTSB records. That's a 0.0007% chance of dying from a skydive, compared to a 0.0167% chance of dying in a car accident (based on driving 10,000 miles). Hence, this article on helicopter vs car crash statistics. We know the number of flight hours for airline flights and helicopter flights. The top speed is about 177 mph and a range of 599 miles. Commercial airplane flights typically have zero deaths per year, despite shuttling millions of people each day. 31, 2022. Since the average American spends around 780 hours per year (PDF) in the car, that means the fatality rate per 100,000 hours of driving time is just 0.017. 1985-2020: National Transportation Safety Board,Aviation Accident Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table 5, available athttp://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/data/pages/aviation_stats.aspxas of Oct. 22, 2021. US HEMS Safety Analysis. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. Includes year end shipments of rotorcraft manufactured around the world. Toll Free: (800) 455-8686, 100 Lexington Street Helicopters crash at a slightly higher rate than aircraft overall, according to data collected by the National Transportation Safety Board. Discovering a new area from the unique vantage point of a helicopter is an enticing opportunity. During 2019, the USHST developed and promoted a white paper showing how UAS (drones) can supplement and support manned helicopters in high-risk operations and environments. 1970: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts(Annual Editions), Table 4, available athttps://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/#/as of Oct. 2017. 1960-70: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. General Aviation, Calendar Year 1970, NTSB/ARG-74/1 (Washington, DC: April 1974), table 117. This number increased again in 2018 to 0.72 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours. Most people have heard of personal and charter jets, but luxury helicopters are the genuine gems. General aviation aircraft include all civilian flights except for passenger or cargo transport that is scheduled by an airline company. 34%. Within one single day, findings show that 3,700 people succumb to the same. We know the number of fatal accidents or fatalities for all modes of transportation. These conditions were apparently so bad that local police forces had grounded their own helicopters for the day. We have served the good people of Texas for close to four decades, representing them in claims against local, national, and global entities. The Koala reaches a top speed of 166 mph (267 km/h) and a range of 618 miles (995 km). The United Nations General Assembly has set an ambitious target of halving the global number of deaths and injuries from road traffic crashes by 2030 (A/RES/74/299). Provides information in the areas of helicopter operations, safety, noise abatement, etc. The fatal accident rate (the number of accidents that resulted in one or more fatalities) for all helicopters in the United States was 0.72 per 100,000 flight hours in 2018, according to the U.S. They are far more dangerous than commercial aircraft. This is a question which rings in many peoples minds and has attracted a lot of research and analysis. Meanwhile, the yellow oxygen masks above the seats can help you breathe in the event of sudden depressurization. A special report from Flight Global, includes statistics on helicopter deliveries. This report includes detailed loss and liability data, as well as accident information and analysis for turbine helicopters in 2017. In the last six years, the highest figure was in 2018, with 561 deaths in total. Drivers of light-duty vehicles are considered passengers. Personal helicopters, which are often operated by less experienced pilots, have a higher crash rate than professionally operated commercial helicopter taxis. According to NPR coverage, the pilot had been traveling through heavy clouds and fog. Select a state or region from the dropdown box to view statistics on that particular State or group of States and scroll to the bottom of this page to view detailed information about the occurrences. j Passenger, freight, and industrial/other include only closed cases where vessels were involved in a marine casualty. Many other factors also come into play when you are comparing statistics. Read on to learn more about helicopter vs. airplane safety. The majority (74%) of rollovers were caused by a crash. A Tara Air DHC-6 Twin Otter crashes in the Mustang region of Nepal. The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) keeps precise records of the fatalities in the state. Over the past two decades, the US helicopter fatal accident rate has been cut in half, from 1.27 fatal accidents per 100,000 flight hours to 0.63. When it comes to air travel, the small figures come from improving the air safety standards. In 2001, other than the persons aboard the aircraft who were killed, fatalities resulting from the September 11 terrorist acts are excluded. 1 in 54,516. Statistics are clear on the average number of accidents and fatalities in the two modes of travel. All airplanes are also subject to rigorous testing before being purchased by commercial airlines. There also were 24 fatal accidents in 2019 compared to the same total in 2018. 1965-70: National Transportation Safety Board, Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1975, NTSB/ARC-77/1 (Washington, DC: January 1977). We have what it takes to fight for you in court and reconstruct what happened to you in the air. Another USHST team is completing research papers providing extensive safety information for pilots about enhanced vision systems and stability augmentation systems. The two-hour session dives deeply into one specific helicopter accident, discusses the tragedy of lost lives, and helps pilots see that many operational decisions are not black and white choices. 2021: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, Crash, (Quarterly Editions), available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/#/ as of May 16, 2022. Flying in poor weather is another common cause of helicopter crashes. According to the NSC (National Safety Council), the odds of dying in a car crash as a driver are 1 in 114, and 1 in 654 as a passenger. Data are based on information provided by the States, the District of Columbia and the five U.S. All these accidents include over 20 thousand findings related to personnel, with an average of 1.54 per accident. 2002-21: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration,National Transportation Database, Safety & Security Time Series Data (Washington, DC: Monthly Issues) available athttps://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/ntd-dataas of Mar. Christie, there are a lot of variables that cant be easily integrated into these back-of-the-envelope calculations. The mere difference is that all 599 of those miles will be moreluxuriousfor the VIP passengers. Read on to discover them. Too few deaths in 2021 to calculate odds. Total accidents and the number of fatal accidents for the U.S. civil helicopter industry remained flat during 2019, but the second half of the year reflected fewer accidents (69 vs. 53) and fewer . The death rate per 100 million passenger miles for passenger vehicles increased for the first time in four years, increasing 22% to 0.56 in 2020. Commuter air carrier figure does not include 22 persons killed aboard a US Air airliner when it and a commuter aircraft collided. This report includes detailed loss and liability data, as well as accident information and analysis for turbine helicopters in 2013. Never ignore unsafe weather conditions because youre in a hurry to reach your destination. The Sikorsky S-76C is more generally known as Black Hawk. Lightning. Commercial airplane flights typically have zero deaths per year, despite shuttling millions of people each day. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. States with the most car accidents. If youre a Mercedes fan, now you can fly your preferred brandhelicoptertoo. The EC 175 made its wonderful first appearance at the Paris Air Show in 2009. Coding manuals, data definitions, and other metadata for different generations of the census are also available for download . Most helicopter accidents involved a loss of pilot control, collisions during takeoff or in flight or system failures. In the United States and throughout much of the world, car accidents are a leading cause of serious injury and death. 1990-2021: U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety,Accident and Incident Summary Statistics by Year, available athttps://www.phmsa.dot.gov/data-and-statistics/pipeline/pipeline-incidentas of Aug. 17, 2022. All crew members managed to escape with minor injuries. All credits go to the beatboxers and links of the original videos are in the descript. Current version of this table is not comparable with the versions before 2014 because of the categories changing for some modes. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Since Mar. This application provides occurrence data as well as accident and fatality statistics from 2008 to 2016 year-to-date. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 121 include aircraft with 10 or more seats that formerly operated under 14 CFR 135. Data sets for 1962 through 1981 (see the The Federal Aviation Administration report says: "Prior to 2006, the number of worldwide civil helicopter accidents was rising at a rate of 2.5 percent per year. Of these 24 million hours, 6.84 of every 100,000 flight hours yielded an airplane crash, and 1.19 of every 100,000 yielded a fatal crash. Low-end helicopters crash at least five times as often as the top-of-the-line models. . In 2019, there were 4 fatal accidents with 17 fatalities, this was an increase from 2 fatal accidents and 8 fatalities in the previous year. hOther incidents are events other than Train Accidents or Crossing Incidents that cause physical harm to persons. 16 July - Sikorsky S-76 A G-BJVX of Bristow Helicopters crashes into the North Sea off the coast of Norfolk following the loss of its rotor head in flight. A regular EC 145 costs about $5.5 million, so the Mercedes version is going to cost anywhere around $7 million. Approximately 1.3 million people die each year as a result of road . The odds of experiencing one of the following are much more likely. Over the past two decades, the US helicopter fatal accident rate has been cut in half, from 1.27 fatal accidents per 100,000 flight hours to 0.63. In 2013, the US crash death rate was more than twice the average of other high-income countries. 20, 1997, 14 CFR 135 includes only aircraft with fewer than 10 seats. In 2020, the fatalities stood at 137 deaths globally. None of the experts the Explainer tracked down thought there was a meaningful conversion factor between the two, leaving us without a definitive answer. This can include median strip rights-of-way with grade level crossings at intersecting streets. Includes loss statistics from 1970-1979. Price ranges from $1.8 to $3 million. Based on hours alone, helicopters are 85 times more dangerous than driving. Over the last 10 years, passenger vehicle death rate per 100,000,000 passenger miles was over 10 times higher . Therefore the list of top 10luxury helicoptersis given below: The Koala is chiefly used by law enforcement, but it can easily provide accommodation to a group of corporate directors traveling on business. 1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1980, NTSB/ARC-83/01 (Washington, DC: January 1983), tables 26 and 40. See the notes below for a table of open investigations. Air travels are safer than road travel by a considerable margin. 4, 2022. Since 2006, the worldwide civil helicopter fleet has grown by 30 percent but the number of accidents has decreased in key global regions by 30 to 50 percent." A more direct comparison per 100 million miles pits driving's 1.27 fatalities . Helicopters certainly have more moving parts than airplanes, which means more parts that might fail mechanically, causing an accident. Review of U.S. Civil Aviation Accidents, 2010. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of deaths per billion passenger-miles caused by . Since the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not oversee the safety of tourist helicopter companies, for example, there can be a wide range of training and experience levels among helicopter pilots. Explore the navigation menu to find books, databases, journals, websites, and more. Contact us today for a free consultation. This change makes it difficult to compare pre-1997 data for 14 CFR 121 and 14 CFR 135 with more recent data. Email data@ntsb.gov to make requests and ask data-related questions. While in 2018, some 393 people were killed in civil aviation accidents across the United States, only one of those deaths was an airline passenger fatality. Ingestion testing determines how much of an impact flying obstacles will have on any aircrafts windows and engines. Six of those fatal crashes were weather-related, NTSB staff said at the board . In 2012, a hot air balloon hit a . To reduce double counting, the following adjustments are made to Total Fatalities: For Railroad, fatalities involving motor vehicles at public highway-rail grade crossings are excluded because such fatalities are assumed to be included in Highway fatalities. The prices range from $17 million to $32 million.Helicopter charter can be the most stress-free travel familiarity you will ever have. magnet phone charger for iphone 12 you need, best portable phone charger for android online, best portable phone charger for android backpacking, best portable phone charger for android home screen, how much best portable phone charger for android tablet. Airplanes are constantly being updated with new safety technology to protect passengers, even in a crash. 1975-2021: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety Analysis, table 1.12, 1.13, and 5.14 , available athttp://safetydata.fra.dot.gov/OfficeofSafety/as of Aug. 17, 2022. Companies charging lower rates for a tour are likely making up costs by hiring less-experienced helicopter pilots who require less pay than a more experienced, highly trained pilot. The crash of a Tibet Airlines Airbus A319 at Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport while taking off. That means helicopters have a 35 percent higher risk of crashing compared to airplanes. The states with the lowest percentage were Massachusetts (8 percent), New Jersey (9 percent), and Hawaii (11 percent . To be fair to Gov. Since Mar. This report includes detailed loss and liability data, as well as accident information and analysis for turbine helicopters in 2019. Large trucks are defined as trucks over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating, including single-unit trucks and truck tractors. Using accident figures for only the sectors shown below, the three-year moving average has . Medical helicopter pilots flying under IFR are 7.54 times more likely to be involved in a fatal accident, and a post-crash fire is 18.73 times more likely to result in a fatality, compared with a . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Statistics taken from the ATSB's occurrence database for the 2010-2019 period show that accidents-fatal or otherwise-have been on a slight upward trend since 2010, with numbers increasing for all of the major operational sectors except sport aviation. Airline passenger deaths National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Includes taxi passengers. 1 in 500. Airline passenger miles Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Which includes being able to travel outside of airports to reach vital meetings or even other flights in a different airport. The estimated number of police-reported crashes in 2020 decreased by 22% as . Its also necessary when an aviation-related lawsuit is filed. First, in any category of aircraft, the majority of accidents occur during takeoffs and landings. Comparing the crash and fatality rates for automobiles and helicopters is an exceedingly complicated task, because the methods for data analysis are completely different. In raw numbers, of course, the deadliest transportation for Americans is the family car. Thus, for a better comparison, we can only consider the average number of accidents globally. National Transportation Safety Board 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594, Accidents Involving Passenger Fatalities: U. S. Airlines (Part 121) 1982 - Present, Accidents Involving Passenger Fatalities: U. S. Commuters (Part 135) 1982 - Present, Summary of US Civil Aviation Accidents For Calendar Year 2012, Congressional and Regulatory Correspondence. It is accurate to say that plane travel is among the safest modes of transportation. Even in the best training situations, where flight crews undertake comprehensive simulator-based training, human beings tend to revert to previous habitual behaviors. Additionally, training to perform maneuvers like autorotation can safely land a helicopter during a malfunction. Dog attack. Pilot error is thought to account for 53% of aircraft accidents, with mechanical failure (21%) and weather conditions (11%) following behind. Augusta Westland teamed up with the Italian fashion house Versace to produce a super luxury interior for this fancier version of the AW109. Total concentration is critical as slight mistakes are sources of accidents. This is down from an all-time high of 9.08 accidents per 100,000 hours in 1994. However, the accident rate dropped again in 2019, and the rate of fatal accidents this decade dropped by 50%, according to NPR. Between 2005 and 2009, there was an annual average of 1.44 fatalities (PDF) per 100,000 flying hours in nonmilitary helicopters. Downloadable data sets of aviation accident data are available for public use. Statistics show that up to 80 percent of all aviation accidents can be attributed to human error.. Equivalent fatalities for the Air and Highway modes (fatalities at airports not caused by moving aircraft or fatalities from accidents in automobile repair shops) are not counted toward the totals for these modes. 1960-70: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development,Rail-Highway Grade-Crossing Handbook 2007, available athttps://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/xings/com_roaduser/07010/sec01.cfmas of Nov. 14, 2019. This comes from the nature of the trips, whereby roadways experience more interactions between vehicles. Small Plane Crash Statistics Small Planes vs Cars. How Do Helicopters Land When Engines Fail? 1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: General Aviation, Calendar Year 1985, NTSB/ARG-87/03 (Washington, DC: October 1987), table 21. If you have a legal matter you would like to discuss with an attorney from our firm, please call us at (310) 477-1700 or complete and submit the e-mail form below, and we will get back to you. Additionally, testers make sure that all the planes major components function properly in extreme temperatures. A DHL Aviation Boeing 757-200 freighter crashes near the runway at Juan Santamaria Airport in San Juan, Costa Rica. In 2019, 6,358 people died in this type of accident. The . The USHST released a best practices document and a fact sheet offering guidelines for preflight inspections and final walk-arounds. The plane caught on fire but luckily all people on board have survived. As a result, crash injuries rank at position eight when we talk of the leading causes of death. To reduce the number of fatal accidents even more, the US Helicopter Safety Team has been working diligently on developing safety . Private plane crashes have been on the decline since the 1980s, but user error and insufficient training still contributes to many more accidents than are necessary each year. Your time to file could be limited. To construct this methodology, TPG looked at several data sets. The chart shows the latest information on passenger transportation death rates. 1975-80: National Transportation Safety Board,Annual Review of Aircraft Accident Data: U.S. Air Carrier Operations, Calendar Year 1981, NTSB/ARC-85/01 (Washington, DC: February 1985), table 61. Additional data on the number of deaths is available by selecting Data Table. We sorted the total injuries into 3 tiers: fatal injuries, serious injuries, and minor injuries. Learn more. The most dangerous times include takeoff and landing and the time periods before and after these events. avall.zip file) are available for download. Bryant frequently traveled in a personal helicopter to his games to avoid congestion on the L.A. freeways. When you are injured, Slack Davis Sanger stands ready to answer the call. Rates are expressed as deaths per 100,000,000 passenger miles. This following chart visualizes the disparity in aviation crashes when looking at the phase of flight in which the accident took place: Furthermore, our team analyzed the types of flights involved in the most crashes and found that general aviation aircraft were involved in almost 78% of all crashes. There are no such things as minor airplane collisions or crash landings, these occurrences are devastating, life-altering events. Other. o Includes passenger train collisions with vehicles and people at all public and private highway-rail grade crossings. This report includes detailed loss and liability data, as well as accident information and analysis for turbine helicopters in 2016. One of the main reasons why general aviation planes are involved in so many crashes is that there are many more of them flying than scheduled commercial flights. scales of justice oxford 2021,

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